[Message Prev][Message
Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Message
Index][Thread Index]
RE: Relay light control problem
------=_NextPart_000_04D8_01D285F2.D10018B0
Content-Type: text/plain;
charset="UTF-8"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
I can recommend the SCR=E2=80=99s I=E2=80=99m running a number of
florescen=
t in a commercial environment (theatre) with 1 SCR without any problems,
as=
previous posters have said, it=E2=80=99s the initial draw sticking the con=
tacts together..
=20
From: ukha_d@xxxxxxx [mailto:ukha_d@xxxxxxx]=20
Sent: 13 February 2017 08:41
To: UK Home Automation List
Subject: Re: [ukha_d] Relay light control problem
=20
=20=20
Yes, that helps! Thank you!=20
Regards
Simon
---
"sorrowful, yet always rejoicing; poor, yet making many rich; having
nothin=
g, and yet possessing everything" 2 Cor 6:10
=20
On 13 February 2017 at 08:38, 'Simon Coates' simon@xxxxxxx [ukha_=
d] <ukha_d@xxxxxxx> wrote:
Simon,
It=E2=80=99s caused by arcing at the relay contacts since you are
switching=
an inductive load.
Options:
Add bidirectional transient-voltage-suppression across the existing relay
o=
utput to snub the arcing.
Use you GPIO board relay to switch another relay that is inductive rated
i.=
e. a small contactor or solid state relay.
Change the fluorescent fittings for ones with high frequency ballasts.
The best solution is probably adding the additional relay.
HTH
Simon
From: ukha_d@xxxxxxx [mailto:ukha_d@xxxxxxx]
Sent: 13 February 2017 08:14
To: UK Home Automation List <ukha_d@xxxxxxx>
Subject: [ukha_d] Relay light control problem
Hi
I've recently been trying to use relays to control the internal lights in
m=
y garage, but I've been having issues. They are fluorescent tubes, two
cont=
rolled by each relay. The relays are those ones you see all over eBay,
with=
GPIO level inputs for control by a Raspberry Pi etc.
The issue I've had is that after a while they simply stick, always on. So
w=
hen the pi sends the signal for them to go off, the lights stay on.
I initially thought it was a faulty relay, but I ordered a replacement and
=
fitted them on Saturday, and now one side is stuck again.
Is it something to do with the load of these fluorescent tubes? Any ideas?
Regards
Simon
---
"sorrowful, yet always rejoicing; poor, yet making many rich; having
nothin=
g, and yet possessing everything" 2 Cor 6:10
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
------------------------------------
Posted by: "Simon Coates" <simon@xxxxxxx>
------------------------------------
------------------------------------
Yahoo Groups Links
=20
------=_NextPart_000_04D8_01D285F2.D10018B0
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
<head>
<style type=3D"text/css">
<!--
/* start of attachment style */
.ygrp-photo-title{
clear: both;
font-size: smaller;
height: 15px;
overflow: hidden;
text-align: center;
width: 75px;
}
div.ygrp-photo{
background-position: center;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-color: white;
border: 1px solid black;
height: 62px;
width: 62px;
}
div.photo-title=20
a,
div.photo-title a:active,
div.photo-title a:hover,
div.photo-title a:visited {
text-decoration: none;=20
}
div.attach-table div.attach-row {
clear: both;
}
div.attach-table div.attach-row div {
float: left;
/* margin: 2px;*/
}
p {
clear: both;
padding: 15px 0 3px 0;
overflow: hidden;
}
div.ygrp-file {
width: 30px;
valign: middle;
}
div.attach-table div.attach-row div div a {
text-decoration: none;
}
div.attach-table div.attach-row div div span {
font-weight: normal;
}
div.ygrp-file-title {
font-weight: bold;
}
/* end of attachment style */
-->
</style>
</head>
<html xmlns:v=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml"
xmlns:o=3D"urn:schemas-micr=
osoft-com:office:office"
xmlns:w=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" =
xmlns:m=3D"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml";
xmlns=3D"http:=
//www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><head><meta
http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=
=3D"text/html; charset=3Dutf-8"><meta name=3DGenerator
content=3D"Microsoft=
Word 14 (filtered medium)"><!--[if !mso]><style>v\:*
{behavior:url(#defaul=
t#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style><![endif]--><style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Wingdings;
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:SimSun;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;}
@font-face
{font-family:SimSun;
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Tahoma;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Verdana;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Consolas;
panose-1:2 11 6 9 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:"\@SimSun";
panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;}
p
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0cm;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0cm;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
code
{mso-style-priority:99;
font-family:"Courier New";}
pre
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"HTML Preformatted Char";
margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";}
tt
{mso-style-priority:99;
font-family:"Courier New";}
span.HTMLPreformattedChar
{mso-style-name:"HTML Preformatted Char";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"HTML Preformatted";
font-family:Consolas;}
p.attach, li.attach, div.attach
{mso-style-name:attach;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0cm;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0cm;
font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";}
p.bold, li.bold, div.bold
{mso-style-name:bold;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0cm;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0cm;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
font-weight:bold;}
p.green, li.green, div.green
{mso-style-name:green;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0cm;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0cm;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
color:#628C2A;}
p.replbq, li.replbq, div.replbq
{mso-style-name:replbq;
margin:3.0pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
p.ad, li.ad, div.ad
{mso-style-name:ad;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0cm;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0cm;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
p.underline, li.underline, div.underline
{mso-style-name:underline;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0cm;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0cm;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
span.yshortcuts
{mso-style-name:yshortcuts;}
p.ad1, li.ad1, div.ad1
{mso-style-name:ad1;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0cm;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0cm;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
p.ad2, li.ad2, div.ad2
{mso-style-name:ad2;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0cm;
margin-bottom:7.5pt;
margin-left:0cm;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
p.underline1, li.underline1, div.underline1
{mso-style-name:underline1;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0cm;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0cm;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
text-decoration:underline;}
span.yshortcuts1
{mso-style-name:yshortcuts1;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
font-weight:bold;}
span.yshortcuts2
{mso-style-name:yshortcuts2;
font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif";
font-weight:normal;}
span.EmailStyle34
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-size:10.0pt;}
@page WordSection1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt 72.0pt;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
/* List Definitions */
@list l0
{mso-list-id:1612935006;
mso-list-template-ids:-1874446050;}
@list l0:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:=EF=82=B7;
mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l0:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:72.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Courier New";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
@list l0:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:=EF=82=A7;
mso-level-tab-stop:108.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:=EF=82=A7;
mso-level-tab-stop:144.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:=EF=82=A7;
mso-level-tab-stop:180.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:=EF=82=A7;
mso-level-tab-stop:216.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:=EF=82=A7;
mso-level-tab-stop:252.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:=EF=82=A7;
mso-level-tab-stop:288.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l0:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:=EF=82=A7;
mso-level-tab-stop:324.0pt;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-18.0pt;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Wingdings;}
ol
{margin-bottom:0cm;}
ul
{margin-bottom:0cm;}
--></style><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext=3D"edit" spidmax=3D"1026"
/>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext=3D"edit">
<o:idmap v:ext=3D"edit" data=3D"1" />
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body
bgcolor=3Dwhite lang=3DEN-GB=
link=3Dblue vlink=3Dpurple>
<!-- **begin egp html banner** -->
<br><br>
<!-- **end egp html banner** -->
<div class=3DWordSection1><p class=3DMsoNormal><span
style=3D'font-size:11.=
0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I
can recommend the S=
CR=E2=80=99s I=E2=80=99m running a number of florescent in a commercial
env=
ironment (theatre) with 1 SCR without any problems, as previous posters
hav=
e said, it=E2=80=99s the initial draw sticking the contacts
together..<o:p>=
</o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-=
family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><d=
iv><div style=3D'border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF
1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0=
cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=3DMsoNormal><b><span lang=3DEN-US
style=3D'font-size:1=
0.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span
lang=3DEN-US=
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>
ukha_d@yahoo=
groups.com [mailto:ukha_d@xxxxxxx]
<br><b>Sent:</b> 13 February 201=
7 08:41<br><b>To:</b> UK Home Automation
List<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [ukha_=
d] Relay light control
problem<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p
class=3D=
MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p
class=3DMsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><=
div id=3Dygrp-mlmsg><div id=3Dygrp-msg><div
id=3Dygrp-text><div><p class=3D=
MsoNormal>Yes, that helps! Thank
you! <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p
cla=
ss=3DMsoNormal><br
clear=3Dall><o:p></o:p></p><div><div><div><div><div><div=
><div><div><div><p
class=3DMsoNormal>Regards<br><br>Simon<o:p></o:p></p><di=
v><p
class=3DMsoNormal>---<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><div><div><div><div><di=
v><p class=3DMsoNormal><span
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma"=
,"sans-serif";color:#333333'>"sorrowful, yet always
rejoicing; poor, y=
et making many rich; having nothing, and yet possessing
everything" 2 =
Cor
6:10</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></d=
iv></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p
class=3DMsoNormal><o:p>&nbs=
p;</o:p></p><div><p class=3DMsoNormal>On 13
February 2017 at 08:38, 'Simon =
Coates' <a href=3D"mailto:simon@xxxxxxx";>simon@xxxxxxx<=
/a> [ukha_d] <<a href=3D"mailto:ukha_d@xxxxxxx";
target=3D"_blank=
">ukha_d@xxxxxxx</a>>
wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class=3DMsoNormal>=
Simon,<br><br><br><br>It=E2=80=99s caused by arcing
at the relay contacts s=
ince you are switching an inductive
load.<br><br>Options:<br><br>Add bidire=
ctional transient-voltage-suppression across the existing relay output to
s=
nub the arcing.<br><br>Use you GPIO board relay to switch
another relay tha=
t is inductive rated i.e. a small contactor or solid state
relay.<br><br>Ch=
ange the fluorescent fittings for ones with high frequency
ballasts.<br><br=
><br><br>The best solution is probably adding the additional
relay.<br><br>=
<br><br>HTH<br><br><br><br>Simon<br><br><br><br>From:
<a href=3D"mailto:ukh=
a_d@xxxxxxx">ukha_d@xxxxxxx</a> [mailto:<a href=3D"mailto:u=
kha_d@xxxxxxx">ukha_d@xxxxxxx</a>]<br>Sent: 13 February
201=
7 08:14<br>To: UK Home Automation List <<a href=3D"mailto:ukha_d@yahoogr=
oups.com">ukha_d@xxxxxxx</a>><br>Subject:
[ukha_d] Relay light c=
ontrol problem<o:p></o:p></p><div><div><p
class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin=
-bottom:12.0pt'><br><br><br><br><br>Hi<br><br><br><br>I've
recently been tr=
ying to use relays to control the internal lights in my garage, but I've
be=
en having issues. They are fluorescent tubes, two controlled by each
relay.=
The relays are those ones you see all over eBay, with GPIO level inputs fo=
r control by a Raspberry Pi etc.<br><br><br><br>The
issue I've had is that =
after a while they simply stick, always on. So when the pi sends the
signal=
for them to go off, the lights stay
on.<br><br><br><br>I initially thought=
it was a faulty relay, but I ordered a replacement and fitted them on Satu=
rday, and now one side is stuck
again.<br><br><br><br>Is it something to do=
with the load of these fluorescent tubes? Any
ideas?<br><br><br><br><br>Re=
gards<br><br>Simon<br><br>---<br><br>"sorrowful,
yet always rejoicing;=
poor, yet making many rich; having nothing, and yet possessing
everything&=
quot; 2 Cor
6:10<br><br><br><br><br><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p
class=3DM=
soNormal style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'>[Non-text portions of this
message =
have been
removed]<br><br><br><br>------------------------------------<br>P=
osted by: "Simon Coates" <<a href=3D"mailto:simon@geeoffshore.=
co.uk">simon@xxxxxxx</a>><br>---------------------------------=
---<br><br><*> Join the Automated Home
Forums<br> =
<a href=3D"http://www.automatedhome.co.uk/vbulletin/";
target=3D"_blank">htt=
p://www.automatedhome.co.uk/vbulletin/</a><br><br><*>
UKHA_D Mailing =
list in association with:<br> <a
href=3D"http://www.auto=
matedhome.co.uk" target=3D"_blank">http://www.automatedhome.co.uk</a><br><b=
r><br><br>------------------------------------<br><br>Yahoo
Groups Links<br=
><br><*> To visit your group on the web, go
to:<br> <a h=
ref=3D"http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ukha_d/";
target=3D"_blank">http://grou=
ps.yahoo.com/group/ukha_d/</a><br><br><*>
Your email settings:<br>&nb=
sp; Individual Email
Traditional<br><br><*> To change settin=
gs online go to:<br> <a href=3D"http://groups.yahoo.com/group/=
ukha_d/join" target=3D"_blank">http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ukha_d/join</a=
><br> (Yahoo! ID
required)<br><br><*> To change settings=
via email:<br> <a href=3D"mailto:ukha_d-digest@xxxxxxx=
m">ukha_d-digest@xxxxxxx</a><br>
<a href=3D"mailto:ukh=
a_d-fullfeatured@xxxxxxx">ukha_d-fullfeatured@xxxxxxx</a><b=
r><br><*> To unsubscribe from this group, send an
email to:<br> =
<a href=3D"mailto:ukha_d-unsubscribe@xxxxxxx";>ukha_d-unsubs=
cribe@xxxxxxx</a><br><br><*> Your use of
Yahoo Groups is subj=
ect to:<br> <a href=3D"https://info.yahoo.com/legal/us/yahoo/u=
tos/terms/" target=3D"_blank">https://info.yahoo.com/legal/us/yahoo/utos/te=
rms/</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><p
class=3DMsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></di=
v></div><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span
style=3D'color:white'><o:p></o:p></=
span></p></div></div>
<!-- **begin egp html banner** -->
<br>
<br>
<!-- **end egp html banner** -->
<div width=3D"1" style=3D"color: white; clear:
both;"/>__._,_.___</div>
=20=20=20=20=20=20
=20=20
=20=20=20=20
<div id=3D"fromDMARC" style=3D"clear:both; margin-top:
10px;">
<hr style=3D"height:2px ; border-width:0; color:#E3E3E3; backgroun=
d-color:#E3E3E3;">
Posted by: "Stuart Billinghurst"
<stuart@billinghurst=
s.com> <hr style=3D"height:2px ; border-width:0;
color:#E3E3E3; =
background-color:#E3E3E3;">
</div>
<!-- Start Recommendations -->
<!-- End Recommendations -->
<!-- **begin egp html banner** -->
<br><br>
<tt>
<*> Join the Automated Home Forums<BR>
<a href=3D"http://www.automatedhome.co.uk/vbulleti=
n/">http://www.automatedhome.co.uk/vbulletin/</a><BR>
<BR>
<*> UKHA_D Mailing list in association with:<BR>
<a href=3D"http://www.automatedhome.co.uk";>http://=
www.automatedhome.co.uk</a><BR>
<BR>
<BR>
</tt>
<br><br>
<!-- **end egp html banner** -->
<!-- **begin egp html banner** -->
<img src=3D"http://geo.yahoo.com/serv?s=3D97476590/grpId=3D1109639/grpspI=
d=3D1705041992/msgId=3D166173/stime=3D1486988116"
width=3D"1" height=3D"1">=
<br>
<!-- **end egp html banner** -->
=20=20=20=20
<!-- **begin egp html banner** -->
<br>
=20=20=20
=20=20=20=20=20
=20
<!-- **begin egp html banner** -->
<div id=3D"ygrp-vital" style=3D"background-color:
#f2f2f2; font-fam=
ily: Verdana; font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding:
10px;">
<span id=3D"vithd" style=3D"font-weight: bold; color:
#333; text-tr=
ansform: uppercase; "><a href=3D"https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/ukha_d=
/info;_ylc=3DX3oDMTJlN3YybGthBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzExMDk2MzkEZ3Jwc3BJZA=
MxNzA1MDQxOTkyBHNlYwN2dGwEc2xrA3ZnaHAEc3RpbWUDMTQ4Njk4ODExNg--"
style=3D"te=
xt-decoration: none;">Visit Your Group</a></span>
<ul style=3D"list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display:
in=
line;">
</ul>
</div>
<div id=3D"ft" style=3D"font-family: Arial; font-size:
11px; margin-top: 5p=
x; padding: 0 2px 0 0; clear: both;">
<a href=3D"https://groups.yahoo.com/neo;_ylc=3DX3oDMTJkY3RvMGNpBF9TAzk3ND=
c2NTkwBGdycElkAzExMDk2MzkEZ3Jwc3BJZAMxNzA1MDQxOTkyBHNlYwNmdHIEc2xrA2dmcARzd=
GltZQMxNDg2OTg4MTE2" style=3D"float: left;"><img
src=3D"http://l.yimg.com/r=
u/static/images/yg/img/email/new_logo/logo-groups-137x15.png"
height=3D"15"=
width=3D"137" alt=3D"Yahoo! Groups"
style=3D"border: 0;"/></a>
<div style=3D"color: #747575; float: right;"> •
<a href=3D"https://i=
nfo.yahoo.com/privacy/us/yahoo/groups/details.html"
style=3D"text-decoratio=
n: none;">Privacy</a> • <a href=3D"mailto:ukha_d-unsubscribe@yahoogrou=
ps.com?subject=3DUnsubscribe" style=3D"text-decoration:
none;">Unsubscribe<=
/a> • <a href=3D"https://info.yahoo.com/legal/us/yahoo/utos/terms/";
st=
yle=3D"text-decoration: none;">Terms of Use</a>
</div>
</div>
<!-- **end egp html banner** -->
</div> <!-- ygrp-msg -->
=20=20=20
<br>
<!-- **end egp html banner** -->
<div style=3D"color: white; clear:
both;"/>__,_._,___</div>
</body></html>
------=_NextPart_000_04D8_01D285F2.D10018B0--
UKHA_D Main Index |
UKHA_D Thread Index |
UKHA_D Home |
Archives Home
|